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Medical Abbreviations in Urology

0–9

5-YSR: 5-year survival rate
5-ALA: 5-aminolevulinic acid

A

A.: Arteria
Aa.: Arteriae (plural)
Fig.: Figure
AAST: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma
ACC: acetylcysteine, mucolytic
ACR: albumin/creatinine ratio
ACT: antichymotrypsin
ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADAM: androgen decline of the aging male
ADH: antidiuretic hormone
ADP: adenosine diphosphate
ADPKD: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
AER: albumin excretion rate, albumin excretion in 24-hour urine collection
AGS: adrenogenital syndrome
AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AFP: alpha-fetoprotein
Ab: antibody
AKIN: Acute Kidney Injury Network
ALA: aminolevulinic acid
AMH: Anti-Müllerian Hormone, synonymous with Müllerian-inhibiting hormone
ANF: atrial natriuretic factor
ARF: acute renal failure
AP: alkaline phosphatase
APC: activated protein C
API: Analytical Profile Index, commercially available system for identifying bacteria using biochemical tests
APRT: adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, deficiency leads to genetically determined nephrolithiasis
ARCD: acquired renal cystic disease
ARPKD: autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
Array-CGH: Array-comparative genomic hybridization, cytogenetic technique for comparative high-resolution examination of the chromosome to detect microdeletions
AA: amino acid
ASA: anti-sperm antibodies
ASAP: atypical small acinar proliferation, atypical microglandular proliferation of prostate glands
ASS: acetylsalicylic acid
ASTRO: American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
AT III: antithrombin III
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
AV: arteriovenous
AZF: azoospermia factor on Y chromosome, mutations lead to azoospermia

B

BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis
BE: base excess
BG: blood glucose
BGA: blood gas analysis
BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasia
BPS: benign prostatic syndrome
BOO: bladder outlet obstruction
BOOI: bladder outlet obstruction index
BSA: body surface area
BTA: bladder tumor antigen, urine marker for urothelial carcinoma
BXO: balanitis xerotica obliterans

C

C1–5: Cervical vertebrae 1–5
ca: calcium
CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia
CAIS: complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular feminization)
CAVH: continuous arterio-venous hemofiltration
CBAVD: congenital bilateral aplasia of the vasa deferentes
CBC: complete blood count
CBI: continious bladder irrigation
CC-EMG: corpus cavernosum electromyography
CFTR: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, gene for a chloride channel. Mutations lead to CBAVD and cystic fibrosis
CDC: Center of Disease Control, USA
CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen
CEUS: contrast-enhanced ultrasound
cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate
Ch, Charr. or CH: Charriere, unit for the diameter of medical instruments (synonym French). The diameter in mm is multiplied by 3
ChE: cholinesterase
CI: contraindication(s)
CIC: clean intermittent catherisation
CIN: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
CIS: carcinoma in situ
CKD: chronic kidney disease
CLED agar: Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient agar, commonly used agar for urine culture
cm: centimeter
CM: contrast medium
CMV: cytomegalovirus
CNI: chronic renal insufficiency
CNS: central nervous system
CNV: chronic renal failure
COMT: catecholamine-O-methyltransferase, for the degradation of catecholamines
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COX: cyclooxygenase, important enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis
CPPS: chronic pelvic pain syndrome
CPSI: chronic prostatitis symptome index
cPSA: complexed (protein-bound) prostate-specific antigen
CR: complete response
CRL: Crown-rump length (of an embryo)
CRP: C-reactive protein
CRPC: castration-resistant prostate cancer
CSF: colony stimulating factor
CT: computed tomography
CTCAE: Common Terminology Criteria of Adverse Events
CVA: cerebrovascular accident
CVC: central venous catheter
CVVH: continuous veno-venous hemofiltration
CVVHDF: continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration
CW: continuous wave, measurement method in Doppler sonography
CUG: cystourethrography

D

d: days
DAG: diacylglycerol
dceMRI: dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI
DD: differential diagnosis
DFA: direct fluorescent antibody
DGU: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Urologie: German Society of Urology
DHEA: dehydroepiandrosterone
DHT: dihydrotestosterone
DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation
DJ: double-J ureteral stent
dl: deciliter
DLPP: detrusor leak point pressure
DMSA: Di-Mercaptosuccinic acid, for static renal scintigraphy
DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
DO₂: oxygen transport capacity
DOAC: directly acting oral anticoagulants
DRE: digital rectal examination
DSA: digital subtraction angiography
DSD: detrusor sphincter dyssynergia
DSD: disorders of sex development
DVIU: direct-vision internal urethrotomy
DWI: diffusion weighted imaging, MRI examination sequence

E

E.: Escherichia, bacterium genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae
EBM: evidence based medicine
EBRT: external beam radiation therapy
ECF: extracellular fluid
ED: erectile dysfunction
EDV: enddiastolic velocity
e.g.: for example
EGCT: extragonadal germ cell tumor
EGCCCG: European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group
EGF(R): endothelial growth factor (receptor)
EIA: enzyme immunoassay
ELISA: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
EMG: electromyography
EORTC: European Organisation for Research on Treatment of Cancer
EPO: erythropoietin
EQUC: expanded quantitative urine culture
ESBL: extended spectrum beta-lactamases, resistance mechanism to cephalosporins in Enterobacteriaceae
ESRD: end-stage renal disease
ESWL: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
ESWT: extracorporeal shock wave therapy
EUCAST: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, https://www.eucast.org
EUG: extrauterine pregnancy
ext.: externa, externus
ECM: extracellular matrix

F

FAI: free androgen index
FFP: fresh frozen plasma
FGF: fibroblast growth factor
FiO2: inspiratory oxygen concentration
FISH: fluorescence in situ hybridization, molecular biology technique for detecting specific DNA or RNA
fPSA: free prostate-specific antigen
Fr: French, unit for the diameter of medical instruments (synonym Charriere). The diameter in mm is multiplied by 3
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
FTA-Abs: fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test, detection method for syphilis

G

g: gram
g: acceleration due to gravity
G-CSF: granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid
GCT: germ cell tumor
GFP: fresh frozen plasma
GFR: glomerular filtration rate
GI: gastrointestinal
GIA: gastrointestinal anastomosis, often used for staple suture devices
GMP: guanosine monophosphate
GnRH: gonadotropin releasing hormone, synonymous with LHRH
GOT: glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
GPT: glutamate pyruvate transaminase
γ-GT: γ-glutamyltransferase
GU: gonorrheal urethritis
Gy: Gray, physical unit for absorbed dose of ionizing radiation

H

h: hour
¹H-MRS: proton MR spectroscopy, examination sequence in MRI
HAL: hexaminolevulinate, for fluorescence cystoscopy
Hb: hemoglobin
HbA_1C: glycohemoglobin, marker for long-term glycemic control in diabetes mellitus
HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin
HDR: high-dose rate (brachytherapy)
HER: Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
HIFU: High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
HLA: human leukocyte antigen
HLRCC: hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome
hK1–3: human kallikrein 1–3
Hct: hematocrit
HMG: human menopausal gonadotropin, gonadotropins derived from the urine of menopausal women with FSH activity
hMSH2: human mutS homolog-2, from the human mismatch repair (MMR) gene family
HoLEP: holmium laser enucleation of the prostate
HPRCC: hereditary papillary renal cell cancer
HPV: human papillomavirus
HRE: hormone response elements, short DNA segment that serves as a binding site for nuclear hormone receptors.
HRPC: hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma, obsolete name for castration-resistant prostate carcinoma
HSV: herpes simplex virus
HU: Hounsfield units, the X-ray density of voxels is represented in gray values in CT using Hounsfield units
Hz: Hertz, physical unit of frequency

I

i.m.: intramuscular
i.v.: intravenous
IGCCCG: International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group, known for classifying metastatic testicular tumors into prognostic groups
IC: interstitial cystitis
IC: ileal conduit
ICI: intracavernosal injection
ICSI: intracytoplasmic sperm injection
ICP: infected cell proteins, are expressed by HSV
ICS: International Continence Society
IE: International Unity
IIEF: International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire
IELT: intravaginal ejaculatory latency time
Ig: immunoglobulin
IGF: insulin-like growth factor
IL: interleukin
IMRT: Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy
inf.: inferior
INR: international normalized ratio, standardized prothrombin time
INSL3: insulin-like factor 3
int.: interna, internus
IP$_3$: insositol triphosphate
IRSG: Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group
IR: immediate-release, unretarded galenics of a drug
IUI: intrauterine insemination
IUSTI: International Union against Sexually Transmitted Infections
IVF: in vitro fertilization
IVP: intravenous pyelography
IU: internal urethrotomy

K

K: potassium
CFU: colony-forming units
kcal: kilocalories
KCl: potassium chloride
KDIGO: Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes, Guidelines on Renal Insufficiency
kg: kilogram
KGF: keratinocyte growth factor
kgBW: per kilogram of body weight
CHD: coronary heart disease
KHL: keyhole limpet hemocyanin, a potent marine immunoactivator
KI-67: proliferation marker for histological assessment, synonymous with MIB-1
KTP: potassium titanyl phosphate laser
KUB: Kidney ureter and bladder, abdominal x-ray in anteroposterior projection

L

l: liter
L1–5: Lumbar vertebrae 1–5
LASER: light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation
LDH: lactate dehydrogenase, intracellular enzyme of glycolysis
LDR: Low Dose Rate (Brachytherapy)
LH: luteinizing hormone
LHRH: luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, synonymous with GnRH
Lig.: ligament, ligament
Ligg.: Ligamenta, ligament
LY: life years
LN: lymph nodes
LOH: late-onset hypogonadism
LPN: laparoscopic partial nephrectomy
LUTS: lower urinary tract symptoms

M

m: meter
M.: Musculus
Mm.: Musculi
m:f: ratio of males to females
M0 or M1: TMN classification, absence or presence of distant metastases
MAG3: mercaptoacetyltriglycine, for dynamic renal scintigraphy
MAGPI: meatal advancement and glanuloplasty, hypospadias surgery
MAINZ pouch: mixed augmentation ileum and cecum pouch
MAIS: mild androgen insensitivity syndrome
MAO: monoaminooxidase, for the breakdown of catecholamines
MAP: magnesium ammonium phosphate
MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase
MASCC: Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer
MAR test: mixed-antiglobulin-reaction test, detection of spermatozoa antibody
MCU: micturating cystourethrography
MDR: multidrug resistance protein, transmembrane protein that traffics hydrophobic substances out of the cell. Multiple subtypes
MEN: multiple endocrine neoplasia
MW: molecular weight
MIC: minimal inhibitory concentration
MLPA: multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, molecular genetic screening test
Mo: months
MRC: Medical Research Council, research organization of the United Kingdom
MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MSH: melanocyte-stimulating hormone
mg: milligram
Mg: magnesium
MIB-1: proliferation marker for histological assessment, synonymous with KI-67
MIBG: metaiodobenzylguanidine, scintigraphy with iodine labeled MIBG can localize pheochromocytoma
MIH: Müllerian-inhibiting hormone, synonymous with Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)
min: minute
MJ: mono-J ureteral stent
ml: milliliter
MLPA: multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, molecular genetic assay method
mm: millimeter
ms: millisecond
mpMRI: multiparameter MRI
MS: Multiple Sclerosis
MSKCC: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, USA
mol: mole, the amount of substance
mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid
MRI: magnetic resonance imaging
MESA: microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration
mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin, a key molecule in intracellular signal transduction of cell growth, angiogenesis, energy balance, and apoptosis
MUSE: medicated urethral system for erection
MVAC: chemotherapy combination of methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin (=doxorubicin), and cisplatin
μm: micrometer

N

n: number of people in a statistic sample
N.: Nervus
NGS: gext generation sequencing
Nn.: Nervi
nm: nanometer
N0 or N1: TMN classification, absence or presence of lymph node metases
Na: natrium=sodium
NaCl: natrium chloride
NB: neobladder
NHBD: non heart-beating donors, organ donation after cardiac death
NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance
Nd:YAG: neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser
NE: nephrectomy
Nx: nephrectomy
NGU: non-gonorrheal urethritis
NIDDK: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (USA)
NIH: National Institute of Health (USA)
NIH-CPSI: National Institute of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symtome Index
NMP22: nuclear matrix proteim 22, urinary marker for bladder carcinoma
NNT: number needed to treat
NO: nitric oxide, neurotransmitter
NOAC: new oral anticoagulants
NOTES: Natural Orifices Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery
NPHP: nephronophthisis protein, type 1 is nephocystin
NPT: nocturnal penile tumescence measurement
NPV: negative predictive value, proportion of true negative test results out of all negative test results
NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
NTABU: non-transecting anastomotic bulbar urethroplasty
NSGCT: nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
NUE: Nephroureterectomy
NWTSG: National Wilms Tumor Study Group

O

OAB: overactive bladder
OAT: Oligo-Astheno-Teratozoospermia
OCAS: Oral Controlled Absorption System
OP: operation
OPG: osteoprotegerin
OIU: optical internal urethrotomy
OR: overall response, sum of partial response and complete response
OR: odds ratio, statistical quantity about the association of two characteristics (proportion of disease A with or without characteristic B
OS: overall survival

P

P: pressure, physical unit
p21, p27: proteins of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKI) family
p53: tumor suppressor gene
p.i.: post infusionem
p.o.: per os
PADAM: partial androgen deficit in the aging male
PAE: prostatic artery embolization
PAIS: partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
PARP: Poly-ADP-Ribose-Polymerase, participates in DNA-cell repair
Pat.: Patient
PB: prostate biopsy
PC, PCA, PCa: prostate cancer
PCA: patient controlled analgesia
PCA3: prostate cancer antigen 3, urine marker for prostate cancer detection
PCNL: percutaneous nephrolithotomy
PCN: percutaneous nephrostomy
PCR: polymerase chain reaction
PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1, receptor for PD-L1 and mediates an inhibitory effect on the immune response
PD-L1: Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, surface protein with inhibitory effect on immune response
PDA: peridural anesthesia
PDD: photodynamic diagnostics, fluorescence cystoscopy for better detection of bladder carcinoma
PDE: phosphodiesterases
PDGF(R): platelet derived growth factor (receptor)
PDS: polydioxanone (monofilament suture)
PEB: cisplatin, etoposide and bleomycin chemotherapy combination
PEG: polyethylene glycol, for colonic irrigation
PEI: Cisplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide chemotherapy combination
PeIN: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia
PET: positron emission tomography
PFS: progression free survival
PG: prostaglandin
PGE₁: prostaglandin E1
pH: pH is a measure of the acidic or basic character of an aqueous solution
PI₃: phosphoinositol 3
PID: pelvic inflammatory disease
PIN: prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
PI-RADS: Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System, reporting system for mpMRI of the prostate
PKHD1: Polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1, gene mutations occur in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
PLA: pelvic lymphadenectomy
PN: pyelonephritis, partial nephrectomy
PNL: percutaneous nephrolithotomy
POMC: Pro-Opiomelanocortin
PPS: pentosan polysulfate
PPV: positive predictive value, proportion of true positive test results out of all positive test results
PR: partial response
PRP: platelet-rich plasma
Proc.: Processus
PSA: prostate-specific antigen
PSAD: PSA-densitiy, PSA concentration in relation to prostate volume
PSAV: PSA velocity, rate of increase in PSA concentration per year
PSADT: PSA doubling time
PSMA: Prostate-specific membrane antigen
PSV: peak systolic velocity
PTA: percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
PTESE: percutaneous testicular spermatozoa extraction
PTH: parathyroid hormone
PTR: pressure transmission ratio in stress urethra pressure profile
PTT: partial thromboplastin time
PUNLMP: papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential
PVC: polyvinylchloride
PVP: photovaporization of the prostate
PW: pulsed wave
PZ: peripheral zone

Q

Q_max: maximal urinary flow rate in ml/s
QoL: Quality of Life
qSOFA: quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment score

R

r: radius
R0: Tumor resection microscopically complete
R1: tumor resection microscopically not complete
R2: tumor resection macroscopically not complete
RAAS: renin angiotensin aldosteron system
Raf: protein kinase, activates MAPK
RALP: Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy
RANK: Receptor Activator of NF-$\kappa$B, protein on the surface of osteoclasts with important role in bone metabolism
RANKL: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family protein and ligand to RANK
RAQ: reno-aortic quotient
RARP: robot-assisted radical prostatectomy
Ras: protooncogene (cytosolic G protein), central link of various signal transduction pathways in regulating growth and differentiation
RAS: renal artery stenosis
RBF: renal blood flow
RCC: renal cell carcinoma
RCT: randomized clinical trial
RECIST: Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
REM: rapid eye movement, sleep phase with high motor activity and dreaming
RF: risk factor
RI: resistance index
RIRS: Retrograde intrarenal surgery, abbreviation for modern stone therapy with retrograde (flexible) URS
RKI: Robert-Koch-Institut
RLA: retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy
RNA: ribonucleic acid
RPD: renal pelvis dilatation
RPE: radical prostatectomy
RPG: retrograde Pyelographie
RPLND: retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
RPM: revolutions per minute
RPP: radical perineal prostatectomy
RR: 1. arterial blood pressure 2. relative risk (statistics)
RRP: radical retropubic prostatectomy
RT: radiation therapy
RT-PCR: reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction. Amplification and specific detection of RNA
RTA: renal tubular acidosis
RTOG: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group
RUG: retrograde urethrography
RUP: retrograde ureteropyelography

S

s: second
S1–5: Sacral vertebrae 1–5
s.c.: subcutaneous
SCC: squamous cell carcinoma
SCOS: Sertoli cell-only syndrome
SD: 1. standard deviation 2. stable disease
SHBG: sex hormone binding globulin
SIOP: Société Internationale d'oncologie pédiatrique
SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome
SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus
SLOH: symptomatic late-onset hypogonadism
SOFA: Sepsis-related organ failure assessment score
SPA: sperm penetration assay
SPC: suprapubic catheter
SPT: suprapubic tube
SR: sustained-release
SSRI: selektive serotonin reuptake inhibitors
STD: sexually transmitted disease, refers to a recognizable disease state that has developed from an STI
STI: sexually transmitted infection, refers to a pathogen that causes infection through sexual contact
sup.: superior
supp.: suppository
Sv: Sievert, physical unit for equivalent dose
syn.: synonym
SYR: Sex determining region of Y gene

T

T1–T4: TNM classification: size of primary tumor
T3, T4: triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine
TART: testicular adrenal rest tumors, in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
TEE: transesophageal echocardiography
TENS: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TERT: tubular ectasia of the rete testis
TESE: testicular spermatozoa extraction
TGF: transforming growth factor
Th1–12: thoracic vertebrae 1–12
ThuLEP: Thulium laser enucleation of the prostate
TIN: testicular intraepithelial neoplasia
TIP: tubularized incised plate urethroplasty in hypospadias
TKI: tyrosine kinase inhibitor
TMSC: total mobile sperm count
TNF: tumor necrosis factor
TOT: transobturator tape
TPE: total parenteral nutrition
TPHA: Treponema pallidum haemagglutination test
tPSA: total prostate-specific antigen, free and protein-bound PSA
TRALI: transfusion-related acute lung injury
TRUS: transrectal ultrasound
TSC: tuberous sclerosis genes, TSC1 codes for hamartin, TSC2 for tuberin
TSH: thyroxine-stimulating hormone
TTS: transdermal therapy systems (e.g. pain patches)
TUEP: transurethral evaporation of the prostate
TUIP: transurethral incision of the prostate
TULIP: transurethral Ultrasound-Guided Laser-Induced Prostatectomy
TUMT: transurethral microwave therapy of the prostate
TUNA: transurethral needle ablation of the prostate
TUR: transurethral resection
TURB: transurethral resection of the bladder
TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate
TVP: transvesical prostatectomy
TVT: tension free vaginal tape
TZ: transition zone

U

UBC: Urinary bladder cancer antigen
UCN: ureterocystoneostomy
UDR: Ureteral diameter ratio, prognosis factor of vesicoureteral reflux
UICC: Union International Contre Cancer
UPEC: uropathogenic E. coli
UPJ: ureteropelvic junction
URS: ureterorenoscopy
US: ultrasound
UTUC: upper tract urothelial carcinoma
UV: ultraviolet

V

V.: Vena, vein
V: Volume
Vv.: Venae, veins
VEGF(R): vascular endothelial growth factor (receptor)
VDRL: Venereal Disease Research Laboratory, lipid-specific AB as a marker of lues activity
VGF: vascular growth factor
VHL: von Hippel-Lindau disease or gene
VIN: vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia
VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide
VLAP: visual laser ablation of the prostate
VLPP: Valsalva leak point pressure
VMAT: volumetric modulated arc therapy, modern form of radiation therapy
vs.: versus
VTP: vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy
VUR: vesicoureteral reflux
VURD syndrome: (posterior urethral) valve, unilateral (vesicoureteral) reflux (and renal) dysplasia
VVF: vesicovaginal fistula

W, X, Y, Z

W: Watts
WHO: World Health Organization
WT: Wilms tumor suppressor gene, subtypes WT-1 and WT-2
WW: watchful waiting
XP: xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

Urologic Surgery

Index

News Section

Index: 1–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

References

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