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Examinations, Imaging and Functional Tests in Urology

Medical History and Physical Examination

• Medical history (Anamnesis)
• General physical examination
• Urological physical examination:
  • Examination of kidneys, ureters and bladder
  • Examination of the penis
  • Examination of the testis
  • Digital rectal examination
  • Pelvic examination

Urologic Laboratory Examinations

Urine Analysis

• Urine Analysis (1/3): sediment and dipstick
• Urine Analysis (2/3): urine culture
• Urine Analysis (3/3): 24 hour urine
• Urine cytology

Blood tests

• Serum Electrolytes
  • Sodium (Natrium)
  • Potassium (Kalium)
  • Chloride
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Phosphate
• Kidney parameters
  • Creatinine
  • Cystatin C
  • Urea
• Markers of inflammation
  • C-reactive protein (CRP)
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
• Blood Coagulation Parameters
  • Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
  • Prothrombin time (PT)
• Hormones:
  • Testosterone
  • Sex hormon binding Globulin (SHBG)
  • FSH
  • LH
  • Prolactin and hyperprolactinemia
  • GnRH stimulation test
• Tumor marker:
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
  • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
  • Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Further Lab-testing

• Genetic testing
• Karyotyping
• Semen analysis

Imaging of the Urinary Tract

Ultrasound Imaging

• Principles of ultrasound imaging
• Principles of Doppler ultrasound
• Renal ultrasound
• Ultrasound imaging of the ureter
• Ultrasound imaging of the bladder
• Ultrasound imaging of the penis
• Ultrasound imaging of the testes
• Transrectal ultrasound imaging of the prostate
• Ultrasound imaging of the abdomen

Radiologic Imaging of the Urinary Tract

• Principles of x-ray imaging
• Abdominal x-ray (KUB)
• IVU
• MCU
• RUG
• Retrograde uretero-pyelography
• CT

Imaging of the Urinary Tract

• MRI
• renal scintigraphy
• PET

Urodynamic Studies

References