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Pharmacology of Drugs on Urology

Medical Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

• 5alpha-reductase inhibitors
  • Finasteride
  • Dutasteride
• Alpha blocker:
  • Alpha blockers: General pharmacology
  • Alpha blockers: Terazosin
  • Alpha blockers: Doxazosin
  • Alpha blockers: Tamsulosin
  • Alpha blockers: Alfuzosin
  • Alpha blockers: Silodosin
• See also section medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Analgetics

• General principles of analgetics and pain perception
• General principles of Opioids
• Chronic pain
• Diclofenac
• Ibuprofen
• Metamizol
• Morphine
• Piritramid

Androgen Deprivation Therapy

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a treatment option for advanced prostate cancer, please see section androgen deprivation therapy for details.

• Classic androgen receptor antagonists: nonsteroidal drugs are bicalutamide and flutamide. Cyproterone acetate is a classic steroidal antiandrogen with progestational effect, which causes additional central inhibition of the testosterone concentration.
• GnRH agonists: Buserelin, Goserelin, Histrelin, Leuprorelin and Triptorelin
• GnRH antagonists: degarelix and abarelix
• Estrogens: Fosfestrol
• Androgen synthesis inhibitors: Abiraterone.
• Modern androgen receptor antagonists: Enzalutamide, Apalutamide, Darolutamide.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics play a critical role in urology; they are essential for preventing and treating bacterial infections of the genitourinary tract. Timely and appropriate antibiotic therapy significantly improves the quality of life and prevents complications. Antibiotics are used prophylactically in surgical urology to prevent postoperative infections and adverse outcomes. The judicious use of antibiotics is essential to maintaining efficacy, limiting resistance, and ensuring optimal patient outcomes.

• β-lactam antibiotics
  • Penicillin
  • Cephalosporins
  • Carbapenems
• Aminoglycoside
• Tetracycline
• Fluoroquinolones:
  • Fluoroquinolones: general pharmacology
  • Fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin
  • Fluoroquinolones: levofloxacin
  • Fluoroquinolones: ofloxacin
• Macrolide antibiotics
• Fosfomycin
• Cotrimoxazole
• Metronidazole

Anticholinergics

• Anticholinergics (1/9): general pharmacology
• Anticholinergics (2/9): trospium chloride
• Anticholinergics (3/9): oxybutynin
• Anticholinergics (4/9): tolterodine
• Anticholinergics (5/9): fesoterodine
• Anticholinergics (6/9): propiverine
• Anticholinergics (7/9): darifenacin
• Anticholinergics (8/9): solifenacin
• Anticholinergics (9/9): butylscopolamine

Chemotherapy of Urologic Tumors

• Bleomycin
• Cabazitaxel
• Carboplatin
• Cisplatin
• Docetaxel
• Estramustin
• Etoposid
• Gemcitabin
• Mitomycin C
• Vinflunin

Chemotherapy Regimens in Urology

• PEB regimen
• PEI regimen
• MVAC regimen
• Cisplatin-Gemcitabin regimen

Targeted Tumor Therapy

Targeted tumor therapy uses drugs against specific metabolic processes in tumor tissue that are of minimal importance in healthy cells. Monoclonal antibodies (suffix "mab") or low-molecular compounds (suffix "mib" or "nib") are used. Targeted drug-based tumor therapy is better tolerated than conventional chemotherapy and can be prescribed for years.

• Axitinib
• Bevacizumab
• Everolimus
• Pazopanib
• PARP Inhibitors
  • Olaparib
  • Niraparib
  • Talazoparib
• Sorafenib
• Sunitinib
• Temsirolimus

Cancer Immunotherapy

Tumour cells are recognized by the immune system as altered body cells and are eliminated. However, tumors have developed various strategies to evade the immune system. Several mechanisms can be used to stimulate the body's immune system to attack tumor cells again.

Vaccinations:

Examples of specific immunization in urology include vaccination against HPV for the prophylaxis of cervical and penile carcinoma or experimental immunotherapy of prostate carcinoma with Sipuleucel-T (vaccination with activated autologous dendritic cells).

Immune Checkpoints:

Immune checkpoints are molecular biological "brakes" on the immune system. Tumors can influence immune checkpoints through the expression of proteins and thus evade elimination. Important immune checkpoints in urology are the programmed cell death-1 receptor and its ligand PD-L1 or the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 receptor. Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) are mainly used to treat advanced bladder cancer and metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Non-specific Activation:

Examples include intravesical immunotherapy of bladder cancer with BCG or parenteral administration of e.g. interferon-alpha and interleukin-2 for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Contrast Medium

• Contrast medium for radiology

Local Anesthetics

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

• Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: basic pharmacology
• Sildenafil
• Tadalafil
• Vardenafil

Substances with Influence on the Acid-Base Balance

• Alkali citrates
• Methionin

Miscellaneous Drugs

• Tuberculostatic drugs
• Duloxetine
• Dapoxetine
• Desmopressin

  Deutsche Version: Medikamente in der Urologie