You are here: Urology Textbook > Examinations

Examinations, Imaging and Functional Tests in Urology

Medical History and Physical Examination

• Medical history (Anamnesis)
• General physical examination
• Urological physical examination:
  • Examination of kidneys, ureters and bladder
  • Examination of the penis
  • Examination of the testis
  • Digital rectal examination
  • Pelvic examination

Urologic Laboratory Examinations

Urine Analysis

• Urine Analysis: sediment and dipstick
• Urine Analysis: urine culture
• Urine Analysis: 24-hour urine
• Urine cytology

Blood tests

• Serum Electrolytes
  • Sodium (Natrium)
  • Potassium (Kalium)
  • Chloride
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Phosphate
• Kidney parameters
  • Creatinine
  • Cystatin C
  • Urea
• Markers of inflammation
  • C-reactive protein (CRP)
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
• Blood Coagulation Parameters
  • Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
  • Prothrombin time (PT)
• Hormones:
  • Testosterone
  • Sex hormon binding Globulin (SHBG)
  • FSH
  • LH
  • Prolactin and hyperprolactinemia
  • GnRH stimulation test
• Tumor marker:
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
  • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
  • Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Further Lab-testing

• Genetic testing
• Karyotyping
• Semen analysis

Imaging of the Urinary Tract

Ultrasound Imaging

• Principles of ultrasound imaging
• Principles of Doppler ultrasound
• Renal ultrasound
• Ultrasound imaging of the ureter
• Ultrasound imaging of the bladder
• Ultrasound imaging of the penis
• Ultrasound imaging of the testes
• Transrectal ultrasound imaging of the prostate
• Ultrasound imaging of the abdomen

Radiologic Imaging of the Urinary Tract

• Principles of X-ray imaging
• Abdominal X-ray (KUB)
• Intravenous urography
• Retrograde pyelography
• Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)
• Retrograde urethrography (RUG)
• Computed Tomography Scan (CT)

Imaging of the Urinary Tract

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Scintigraphy of the kidney, bone and adrenals
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Urodynamic Studies

  Deutsche Version: Grundlagen der Untersuchung und Diagnostik

Urology-Textbook.com – Choose the Ad-Free, Professional Resource

This website is designed for physicians and medical professionals. It presents diseases of the genital organs through detailed text and images. Some content may not be suitable for children or sensitive readers. Many illustrations are available exclusively to Steady members. Are you a physician and interested in supporting this project? Join Steady to unlock full access to all images and enjoy an ad-free experience. Try it free for 7 days—no obligation.